What Is a Subsidized Loan Definition and Explanation

What Is a Subsidized Loan Definition and Explanation SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In looking over the financial aid packages that colleges provide, you might see some terms that are unfamiliar. You have a general idea of what a loan is - you borrow money now, and pay it back later (plus some extra) - but what's a Direct Subsidized Loan? As it turns out, subsidized student loans are pretty unique (in a good way). So what is a subsidized loan? How do you define subsidized and compare it to unsubsidized loans? A Direct Subsidized student loan is one type of financial aid provided by the US federal government, or more specifically, the US Department of Education. You can also get Direct Unsubsidized student loans as part of your federal financial aid package. Before we get into the specifics of subsidized loans, I'll talk a little bit about why these loans exist, and how loans usually work. A Brief History of Federal Student Loans You can thank Russia and the Cold War for the first government-backed student loan programs. The federal government first started offering loans to students in the 1950s under the National Defense Education Act, or NDEA. After Russia launched Sputnik, the US scrambled to boost education in the sciences - hence, a financial program that encouraged students to pursue higher education. Federal student loan programs have since been expanded to assist students to fund their education in a wide variety of disciplines, regardless of whether they plan on defeating Soviet Russia in an arms race. OK, So How Do Loans Work? The way that loans work is pretty standard, no matter where you're getting the loan from. You borrow a sum of money, or principal, from some lender - usually a bank. You also agree to particular loan terms, including interest rates and length of repayment. When you make loan payments, which usually happens on a monthly basis, you pay back a portion of the principal plus extra money: the interest, or a percentage of the principal that's accrued (accumulated).The longer you take to pay back the loan, the more interest accrues. The bigger your principal, the more interest accrues. You can think about interest as a charge or a fee that you pay to your lender. Interest is how lenders make money on loans. It usually starts accruing as soon as the loan is disbursed (when the money is given out, or provided to you. Sometimes, the interest that has accrued on your loan is added to your principle. When new interest accrues, it will be on this new, larger principle. This is called capitalization - when this happens, you start paying interest on more than your original loan amount, which means more interest. Loans can be really helpful when it comes to paying for school, but as you may have guessed, people generally don't love being in student debt. The less money you owe after you graduate, the better, right? What Makes Direct Subsidized Loans Unique? You're might already be thinking about how to decrease your loan payments in the long run. Subsidized loans can help you do that. Direct Subsidized loans are special because, during certain periods of time, the federal government pays your interest for you. In the long run, this can save you a lot of money. As I previously mentioned, interest on "normal" loans starts accruing as soon as the money is disbursed. When you have a subsidized loan, however, interest does not accrue during the following periods: When you're in school at least 1/2 time For the first 6 months after you leave school (this is called agrace period) During a postponement of loan payments (this is called adeferment period) It's almost like your loan is frozen while you're still in school, and for 6 months after you leave. You're not adding any extra money to the amount you owe because interest isn't accruing; you also don't have to make any payments. This is useful if you need some time to find a job in order to be able to afford payments. Ultimately, you're not being "charged" to borrow money - you're not building up any interest on your loan - when you're not in a position to be able to pay it back. Subsidized loans: a little bit friendlier than your average student loan Subsidized vs. Unsubsidized: How Much of a Difference Could It Make? I'll use an example here to demonstrate long-term financial outcomes of a subsidized vs. an unsubsidized loan. Say I take out a $3,500 loan to pay for school my freshman year, at an interest rate of 4.29%. The chart below outlines different outcomes based on loan type if I don't make any payments while still in school. UNSUBSIDIZED SUBSIDIZED Amount Borrowed $3,500 $3,500 Interest Rate 4.29% 4.29% Interest Accrued During School (4 years) $640 $0 Balance Owed at Graduation $4,140 $3,500 Time to Payoff at $50/month (Interest accrues for both subsidized and unsubsidized loans during this period) 99 months 81 months Total Amount Paid $4,950 $4,050 Standard repayment plans for federal student loans set a timeline of 120 months until payoff, but the minimum monthly payments are $50.In this example, it would take me much less time (and much less money) to pay back a subsidized loan vs. an unsubsidized loan. Direct Subsidized Loan Details There are some standardized limits, restrictions, and repayment terms for all students who take out Direct Subsidized loans. They're not quite as flexible as Direct Unsubsidized loans, but that's a small price to pay when you consider how much money they save you in the long run. First, there are limits to how much money you can take out in subsidized loans. These annual maximums depend on your year in school: Year Subsidized Loan Limit 1st Year Undergrad Annual Limit $3,500 2nd Year Undergrad Annual Limit $4,500 3rd Year Undergrad Beyond Annual Limit $5,500 Subsidized Total Loan Lifetime Max $23,000 There are also limits to eligibility windows for Direct Subsidized loans, unlike for Direct Unsubsidized loans.You can only receive subsidized loans for 150% of your program length; for example, if you're enrolled in a 4-year college, you can receive subsidized loans for a maximum of 6 years (4*150% = 6). Interest rates are standardized and are the same as for unsubsidized loans. Federal student loan interest rates are generally pretty competitive and are the same for all students regardless of credit history.For 2015-2016, the interest rate is 4.29%. Finally, repayment plans (including details about the amount you owe every month, and the amount of time you have to pay back your loans) can be customized, and will depend on variables such as your principle balance and your income.Standard repayment plans set up monthly payments so that you pay off your principle + interest in 120 months, or 10 years. Who's Eligible for Direct Subsidized Loans? If you're looking for aid to bridge the gap between what you have and what you need to pay for college, subsidized loans are smart options if you meet all the eligibility requirements. Direct Subsidized loans are only available to undergraduate students who demonstrate financial need. Because these loans are a form of federal aid, you must also meet basic federal requirements in order to be eligible. The following charts list these requirements. You must do all of the following: Have a high school diploma, GED, or approved homeschool education Be enrolled or accepted to enroll in an eligible degree/certificate program You can check with your school/program’s financial aid office if you want to confirm eligibility Be registered with Selective Service, if you are male and between 18-25 years old If applicable, you can do this here https://www.sss.gov/Home/Registration Have a valid Social Security Number (unless you’re from the Marshall Islands, Federal States of Micronesia, or the Republic of Palau) Sign statements on the FAFSA stating that (1) you’re not in default, and do not owe refund money, on a federal student loan, and (2) you’ll only use federal aid money to help pay for your education Access the FAFSA here https://fafsa.ed.gov/ Maintain â€Å"satisfactory† progress in school If you’re concerned about your academic performance or have questions about what is considered â€Å"satisfactory,† set up a meeting with your dean or other school administrator. In addition to the requirements listed in the chart above,you must be able to check one of the following options: Be aUS citizenorUS national Have agreen card Have anarrival-departure record Havebattered immigrant status Have aT-Visa How Do You Apply for a Direct Subsidized Loan? All things considered, eligibility requirements aren't too stringent for subsidized loans. The next step after meeting requirements would be to actually apply for this great financial aid resource. You can apply for all types of federal financial aid, including Direct Subsidized loans, by submitting a Free Application for Federal Student Aid, or FAFSA. The federal submission deadline to receive aid for the 2015-2016 academic year is June 30, 2016. You can find detailed instructions on submitting a FAFSAhere. What's Next? You can get an estimate of your federal aid eligibility, including the amount you could take out in Direct Subsidized loans, by following steps listed in ourPell Grant Calculator guide. Want more information on federal aid that youdon'thave to pay back? Learn more abouthow to get a Pell Grant, and check out our guide onPell eligibility requirements. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Social Media Analytics Tools How to Choose the Best One For Your Brand

Social Media Analytics Tools How to Choose the Best One For Your Brand Here’s something we say around the office: â€Å"If you can’t measure it, you didn’t actually do anything.† That goes for every strategy and tactic we execute. Including social media marketing. In order to measure social performance, you need a robust set of tools that can measure your core metrics and KPIs. That’s where having a solid suite of social media analytics tools comes in. They’re essential for gathering all your important performance metrics in one place, and producing reports that prove you’re making a meaningful impact on your business. Best of all, we’ve built robust social analytics features right into , making our platform your go-to destination for measuring and reporting on social media performance. In this post, we’ll cover: How makes it easy to plan, schedule, and measure all your social media content in one place. How to use our full social analytics suite to measure every post and campaign. How stacks up against other tools on the market. Ready? Let’s go.

Operations management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Operations management - Assignment Example In addition, the London Ritz hotel through their annual service quality week awards the best employee mostly through customer’s votes. The organization does its best in terms of service delivery to the customers because they believe in culture of employee satisfaction who later sells the same to customers in building the organizational reputation. The Ritz hotel in London is popular around the world due to its remorseful as a tourist attraction center. It is featured amongst the top most tourism profitable organizations in the whole world, generating invisible returns to London and the United Kingdom as a whole. For sustainable economic development of this institution, the management of Ritz hotel has continuously done its best to improve the level of professionalism and quality management in its services by ensuring that the customers’ demands are met and the institution remains the most competitive in the service industry sector (Bamford and Forrester 2010). Moreover, The Ritz hotel does its best to ensure that all its employees and practitioners receives recognition and high level of benefits in terms of ethical conduct since any practices of the stakeholders may subject the business to lose the reputation it has built over a long period of time thus leading to a downfall in returns. THESIS: This report is developed to determine the operation management strategies that the Ritz Hotel in London has adopted to remain competitive in the market. At the Ritz hotel inventory and assets, management is considered as one of the most important areas that requires keen management personnel. This is because the hotel spends a lot of money to purchase food items, the utensils and sanitaries, which are the commonly used items. Therefore, the hotel has put in place enough measures that ensure that competitive assets management system

Global poverty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global poverty - Research Paper Example It is of interest to me because I would like to establish how the global poverty affects not just the poor countries but also the rich nations. I am interested in finding out how their relations with each other impact on the occurrence or incidence of poverty. This topic is also of interest to me because I would like to find out how different countries are responding to this issue and what interventions have already been implemented in order to resolve this issue. 1. United Nations – This organization is involved in alleviating poverty through the various programs it has set and implemented on its member countries (MacMillan, 2011). One of these programs include the Millennium Development Goals which has set forth activities on reducing poverty, improving health outcomes, increasing employment opportunities, and in promoting peace in developing countries (UN, 2010a). This organization would likely require research in relation to the achievement and the fulfillment of its MDGs (Tran, 2011). Such a research would provide feedback on the efficacy of its programs. 2. CARE is a United States-based organization whose goal is to fight global poverty by focusing on poor women providing them with access to education, preventing diseases, providing them access to clean water, expanding their economic opportunities, and protecting their natural resources (CARE, 2012). This organization would likely require research on the impact of poverty on women in developing countries. Such a research direction would seek to establish the possible solutions which can be directed towards poor women. 3. BRAC – is an organization established by former Shell Oil CEO Fazle Hasan Abed. Its goal is to empower the people and the communities who are in extreme poverty, including those who are illiterate and those who are victims of disease and

Christian attitudes to Infertility Essay Example for Free

Christian attitudes to Infertility Essay Infertility is the inability for a couple to conceive a child by the natural processes or after a year of trying. This can happen for a number of reasons. One of the reasons could be stress. As we live in a society with high expectations for people to be successful it puts people under enormous amounts of stress which could cause them to become infertile. Another problem a couple could face is that either the man or woman could have been born infertile or one of them has an STD (sexually transmitted disease) . Another could be dieting , as some women and men diet excessively to reach size zero it causes the womans periods to stop which will in turn cause hormone imbalances which may make a woman infertile. Women could become infertile for a number of other reasons such as smoking, alcohol, age or being overweight or underweight . Men can also become infertile for a number of reasons such as alcohol, drugs, age and radiation and chemotherapy treatments for cancer. This makes life hard for married couples because the wish for a child is too strong. Although some couples can accept god chose for them not to have a child , some others will go to any lengths for a child. There are a number of different treatments for infertile couples. The most common is In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF).’In Vitro’ means ‘in glass’ in latin which is the way the egg is fertilised. It is a technique were an egg is taken from the womans womb and placed on a dish and sperm is taken from the man and used to fertilise the egg on the glass . Once the egg has been fertilised and has began to grow as a fetus it is implanted back into the womans womb where it grows for 9 months. The second is Surrogacy. Surrogacy is where another woman carries the baby for another couple who are unable to do so. An egg is taken from the infertile woman and a sperm from the partner and is fertilised then inserted into the surrogates womb where it grows and when the child is born it is given back to the couple. Another treatment is Artificial Insemination By Donor (AID) . This is a treatment where the sperm of a donor , who is usually unknown to the couple , is medically inserted into the neck of the womans womb where it fertilises the egg and grows into a child . The final treatment is egg donation . This is similar to AID ,only an egg from a donor who is usually unknown to the couple , is fertilised in a lab then medically inserted into the infertile womans womb to grow into the child . Georgia Allen AO2 Christian attitudes to infertility. Catholics have very strong views about infertility treatments which require research which are done on embryos which Catholics see and class as a human life. Catholics are completely against IVF as it leads to spare embryos being created and then are being used for experiments both scientific and medical. The embryos may even be thrown away , Catholics are against this because it is a life of a child and it has rights . Catholics are also against infertility treatments because children are supposed to be created through and act of love and infertility treatments interfere with what Gods plans for that couple and no body has the right to play God. Other Christians have opposite views about infertility treatments than catholics. They think infertility treatments are a good thing as it brings new life to the world and makes a couple happy. Some Christians might object to treatments where a donor is involved as some people class this as adultery because it involves somebody else in the marriage and that is wrong because it is in the ten commandments. They do agree with AIH as it involves no third party and is just between a husband and wife. Some Christians are against fertility treatments for unmarried couples or woman past the child bearing age and even homosexuals. As they think that it is not the way God planned it to be . Muslims agree to most treatments as long as they involve no third party and all natural methods of conception have failed . Muslims are completely against surrogacy and adoption . Muslims believe treatments such as AIH and IVF are ok because they use the sperm of the husband and no other person is involved. Islam is against AIH because it has been donated by another man and is seen as adultery .

Technology Swells Ocean Exploration :: Technology Evolution Essays

Technology Swells Ocean Exploration Railroads and computers. So, not only what to these have in common, but also what are they doing in paper about computers? Well to start, the Professor did say to have fun with the paper! Secondly, the guns show how long technology takes to evolve and than how quick evolution can happen. It took centuries to go from smooth bore to rifled bore in the guns. Flintlock gun were still being used at the start of the American Civil War, 1861. By the time the war ended, 4 years later, percussion guns were in style. The Gatling gun showed up around 1867, it was replaced in under 100 years with the .50 caliber machine gun. Thirdly, railroads and computers are a very interesting study on how quick technology can advance, the problems it encounters, and the impact it has on society. The first American train made its run in 1830. Less than 40 years later the transcontinental railroad was completed. The rail companies had to overcome problems never before encountered: switchbacks up hills, grading, etc. The impact on the America society was, and still is, huge. The computer technology has basically followed the same timeframe, overcame unknown problems, and is having a huge impact on society. Looking at these two comparisons is very interesting. As a Maritime Historian an understanding of past technology is important in determining a time frame of an incident. Plus, an understanding of how to use todays’ technology to assist in finding and recording of the past is an absolute necessity. Computers hold the key to major research projects by way of technology, Internet, and E-Mail. As a Maritime Explorer advances in technology will continue to be used to find, track and understand the water world around us. Clive Cussler wrote, "We have mapped and photographed almost every square inch of the moon, but we have viewed less than one percent of what is covered by water". The computer will be of the same great benefit when it comes to the exploration of the oceans as the computer has benefited the exploration of outer space. This benefit will be to two major forms; finding and understanding the past (cause and effect), finding the as yet unknown and determining its benefits. As any historian will say, we need to know where we came from in order to understand where we are going. What technological advances over the centuries have led to the exploration of the oceans?

Traits of a Good leader

Today we live in a modern world where change is the only constant. We are surrounded by uncertainty in our daily lives, whether it is personal or professional. It is important to understand that a leader has to be comfortable dealing with uncertainty and change. First it is important to understand who a leader is. At the most basic level, a leader is someone who guides or leads other people. In more detail, a leader is a strong individual who has a vision or a purpose.He or she also has the skills and dedication required to see this vision through, guiding others to elieve in this vision and implementing the plan so that the desired result is achieved. The authors of Leading the Way look at seven angles or attitudes that make a successful leader. If these seven blocks are considered and improved, one is sure to be a more effective leader. According to Leading the Way, the two basic foundations of leadership are individuality and insight. It is vital to understand these before one can succeed at being a leader.Individuality is ones personal identity. Who you really are, what you stand for, that is individuality. When it comes to leaders, one who displays a strong ndividuality be being himself or herself is a powerful personality who will be looked upto. Individuality means bringing ones personal experiences, values and beliefs to the table (Leading the Way. 40). It is good for a leader to have his or her unique style and to follow the values he or she believes in. Personal experience is one of the greatest strengths of individuality. Every individual has his or wealth of unique experiences.When a leader is proud of his or her individuality and displays it openly he or she is sure to be more effective. I am trying to implement this is my personal aily life by dissecting my own values and trying to see what makes me unique. I have found that I am a very open person, direct and emotionally expressive. I let my emotions guide me. This is who I am as an individual an d has played a large part in my success as well as failures. Being emotionally expressive at work has helped my team understand my passion for my work that I love what I do and that has greatly benefitted me.It has a negative impact on my relationships, so I am working on controlling my emotions to reduce emotional outbursts. I am a firm believe that it is lways better to be yourself no matter what. Ralph Waldo Emerson summarizes thus concept of individuality beautifully in the form of this quote: â€Å"To be yourself in a world that is constantly trying to make you something else is the greatest accomplishment†. The second foundation that is vital for a good leader is Insight. To the lay man, insight might simple mean understanding, or reexamining and then understanding.Leigh and Maynard break this down into three parts self awareness, understanding others, and seeing what is going on. In order to be insightful, one must be aware of imself or herself. Knowing your strengths as well as your flaws, seeing yourself and understanding who you really are is insight. A good leader is one who is completely aware of himself or herself, the positives and negatives. In order to be insightful, one her strengths, weaknesses? Really understanding others is a tough skill to master, but if a leader tries to understand his coworkers he will be more liked as well as a much more powerful leader.An insightful leader is also one who is aware of his surroundings and not Just looking, but â€Å"seeing† what is happening around him or her. I am trying to incorporate this in my daily life by questioning my own choices. I'm trying to understand why I do certain things, why I make certain decisions. Sitting down and thinking about my personal values, and the reasons why these are important to me has made me gain more insight into my own life. For example, I find that a value that is vital to me is trust.When I tried to understand why its so important and my number one val ue, I have realized that being let down in relationships has made me form trust issues. I am also trying harder to understand and appreciate others. Doing this is actually helping me strengthen relationships with loved ones. The next important leadership capability that Leigh and Maynard talk about is â€Å"initiate†. Being initiative means being proactive or action oriented. To initiate something is to start something or take the first step to begin something. This is a crucial quality that a good leader must possess.To take initiative the right way, one must put in a good deal of time and effort into researching the material, forming a way to approach it. Taking the required risks to begin something new, have the determination to follow it through. A good leader is a risk taker, but he or she is also ready to take responsibility for his or her actions. A good leader is willing to be held accountable for both failure as well as success. The leader often must be the one insti gating the task. He or she bears the major risk and should be ready to be accountable for it.Leadership is a powerful position, and as famous people have said â€Å"with great power comes great responsibility', this entails a leaders role too. In my everyday life, I am trying to take more initiative by taking on new tasks, and following through what I start. Sometimes a big mistake I make is procrastinating. Nowadays I am trying to begin and follow through my tasks. To take on new things, the results I am getting are a huge boost in my confidence. My coworker is also impressed that I am getting so much more done and asked me what my secret is!I have always been ready to face the results of my actions; so taking responsibility comes to me naturally. The fourth tool that a good leader should possess is the ability to engage and involve everyone to achieve the vision. A synonym for involve is to include. A good leader is an individual who engages his team, by empowering individuals. T he leader makes the individuals feel valued and important. He empowers the individuals through programs to develop their skills and through coaching and mentoring.The leader also receives constant feedback about himself or herself from people and improves his ways based on the criticism. When people feel important and included, then they are more motivated to deliver the best results. A good leader will work on engaging his employees. To incorporate this step into my daily life, I am trying to hear more opinions from people. Whether it was a team project I had for economics last eek where I was the team leader, I asked everyone for their ideas and we all worked together as a team. Respecting and gathering the opinions of others makes them energy to the task.Inspiration. It literally means to be motivated or moved emotionally to be creative and get a productive task done. A good leader is one who inspires people. An inspiring leader is one who taps into what really is his or her pers onal motivation and passion. He or she is passionate and expressive. The leader should have a clear larger than life vision, and be able to talk about this honestly. This vision should be omething that reaches people. People should believe in this vision and find the leader is genuine and passionate. Communication is also a crucial key to be inspiring.A good leader will have effective ways to communicate the vision and truly motivate people to believe in it and act on it. In my life, I am tapping into what own inspiration is. I find great sources of inspiration from quotes and success stories. I have started keeping a Journal of these inspiring thoughts and look at them when I need a push or motivation. â€Å"A good leader inspires others with confidence in him; a reat leader inspires them with confidence in themselves â€Å"- Anonymous. The sixth skill that a leader should possess is the ability to improvise.Improvising means being able to adapt. In an uncertain world, a leader s hould be able to face changes head on and adapt to them. To make things and situation work by compromising and improvising. A good leader needs to be flexible, as nothing is written in stone. In changing trying situations a leader has to be flexible and find a solution with the available resources. A leader has to be creative and innovative, to make things work along the way. When stuck in a challenging situation the leaders ability to be innovative and encouraging will define the success of the organization.In my daily life I find improvising difficult. When stuck with uncertainty, I am more focused on the problem than finding a solution. My goal is to try to improvise and work on finding solutions. Last week at work I had to file a report by the end of the day and my colleague called in sick. Normally I would have been worked up and focused on how tough it would be to accomplish this task alone. I tried to improvise by getting all the documentation done at work and then filing the report once I was ome so I could have it ready the next day.The seventh key to being a successful leader is the ability to implement plans. Implementation literally means putting into action. In order to implement, one must be action minded with a can-do attitude. A plan must be formed and the leader must follow it through with persistence and dedication. Feedback is an important aspect of implementing and a leader should encourage and give helpful feedback. The leader must also track the progress of the task and make sure that it is going smooth. Don't worry that people don't listen to you, but worry that they watch you.A leader should exhibit the model behavior that he or she receives from employees. The ability to implement and follow through is the only way to ensure success. I have started making sure that I follow through and complete any task I take on. I used to procrastinate a lot , but now I am trying on getting things done in a timely manner and also track the progress o f my tasks. An individual who wants to be the best possible leader should really work on improving these skills. Leadership is a way of life. A leader really makes a change and dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader. â€Å"

Solar Energy

A new solar powered adsorption refrigerator with high performance Meunier published a comparison of those three sorption systems for solar cooling (Meunier, 1994). The solid-gas system used in the present study is adsorption. The solar adsorption refrigerators have been developed mainly to be used in hot regions with no electricity supply. There is an urgent need in the health sector (for the conservation of medicines and vaccines). These systems have the advantage of not requiring any energy other than solar energy.Regarding performance, the highest values of COPSR (0. 10-0. 12) were obtained with the adsorption systems zeolite + water (Grenier et al. , 1988) and activated carbon + methanol (Boubakri et al. , 1992a,b; Pons and Grenier, 1987). As methanol can easily evaporate at temperatures below O oc, thus favouring the production of ice, the most environmentally friendly refrigerant must be water. Using water, ice can be produced within the evaporator, acting as a ‘cold stor age'. Both refrigerants, water or methanol, operate at below atmospheric pressure and therefore require vacuum technology. The main urpose of the present study is to obtain what is, technically speaking, a simple machine.This aim seems reasonably achievable with an adsorptive machine, operated in a 100% solar-powered 24 h cycle with a flat-plate solar collector containing the adsorbent. However, when referring to the work reported above, both the efficiency of the solar collector and that of the adsorption thermodynamic cycle could be improved. These requirements were crucial to the design of the ‘advanced' machine. The laboratory of solar energy of the Engineering school of the Canton de Vaud (EIVD, Yverdon-lesBains, Switzerland) has been eveloping adsorptive solar refrigerators since 1999. The first systems built used the adsorption pair of activated carbon + methanol.For reasons of reliability and respect for the environment, this pair has been abandoned in favour of a sili cagel + water pair. The prototype described and analyzed in this paper has been functioning since the summer of 2000 on the site of the EIVD. A thorough measurement system allows us to characterise it in a complete way. During the summer of 2001, a constant procedure of thermal load in the cold cabinet allowed us to observe the behaviour of the adsorption system over a continuous period of 68 ays. We have highlighted the great influence of both external temperature and daily irradiation upon the daily coefficient of performance (COPSR ). Previously, few articles were interested in the analysis of the storage. 2.Description of adsorption and of the adsorption cooling cycle Adsorption, also known as physisorption, is the process by which molecules of a fluid are fixed on the walls of a solid material. The adsorbed molecules undergo no chemical reaction but simply lose energy when being fixed: adsorption, the phase change from fluid to adsorbate (adsorbed phase) is exothermic. Moreover this process is reversible. In the following, we will focus on adsorption systems mainly used in cooling (or heatpumping) machines: a pure refrigerant vapour that can easily be condensed at ambient temperature and a microporous adsorbent with a large adsorption capacity.The main components of an adsorptive cooling machine are the adsorber (in the present case, the solar collector itself), the condenser, the evaporator and a throttling valve between the last two devices, see Fig. 2. An ideal cycle is presented in the D‚ ¬hring diagram (LnP vs. †¦I=T), Fig. 1. 2001). We can summarize it in four stages. C. Hildbrand et al. / solar Energy 77 (2004) 311-318 13 Fig. 1 . An ideal adsorption cooling cycle in the D‚ ¬ hring diau gram. Saturation liquid- vapour curve for the refrigerant (EC dashed line), isoster curves (thin lines), adsorption cycle (thick lines). Heating period: step AB (7 a. m. fl 10 a. m. ) and step BD (10 a. m. fl 4 p. m. ); cooling period: step DF ( 4 p. m. fl 7 p. m. ) and step FA(7 p. m. fl 7 a. m. ).Step 1: isosteric heating  ¶A ! BD. The system temperature and pressure increase due to solar irradiance. Step 2: desorption + condensation dB ! DD. Desorption of the water steam contained in the silicagel; condensation of the water steam in the ondenser; the water in the evaporator is drained through the valve. Step 3: isosteric cooling ?D ! FP. Decrease of the period of sunshine; cooling of the adsorber; decrease of the pressure and the temperature in the system. Step 4: adsorption + evaporation  ¶F ! AD. Evaporation of water contained in the evaporator; cooling of the cold cabinet; production of ice in the evaporator; readsorption of water steam by the silicagel. 3.Description of the machine tested in Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland Adsorptive pair. The refrigerant is water, and the adsorbent is a microporous silicagel (Actigel SG ¤ , Silgelac). Collector-adsorber. The solar collector (2 m2 , tilt angle of 300) is double- glazed: a Teflon ¤ film is installed between the glass and the adsorber itself. The adsorber consists of 12 parallel tubes (72. 5 mm in diameter) that contain the silicagel (78. 8 kg). The tubes are covered with an electrolytic selective layer (Chrome-black, Energie Solaire SA), which absorbs 95% of the visible solar radiation while presenting an emissivity of 0. 07 in the infrared wave-lengths.A valve located between the graduated tank and the evaporator is needed on this machine. For control strategy reasons, this valve is electrically powered. 4. 5. Ventilation damper management Closing: when the irradiance goes above 100 W/m2 . Opening: at the end of the afternoon when the angle of the solar beam radiation incident upon the aperture plane of collector (angle of incidence) is above 500. 4. Measurements and operations The objective of the 2001 series of measurements was to obtain a high number of measurements continuously, in order to characterise he working of our adsorption ma chine. To do this, a system of measurement and a constant procedure of load has been established. 4. 1.Measurements The temperature is measured (probes Pt100) in the silicagel of a central tube of the collector-adsorber (7 sensors), on two condenser tubes and three evaporator tubes; and the ambient air temperature is also measured. The vapour pressure is measured by a piezogauge in the collector-adsorber, in the condenser and in the evaporator. The global irradiance in the plane of the collector is recorded by a pyranometer. A graduated tank (6. 5 1) collects the condensed water. The level of liquid water is automatically measured by a level detector. The series of measurements took place from July 25th to September 30th 2001 (68 days) in Yverdon-lesBains (altitude: 433 m, longitude: )6. 380, latitude: 46. 470). Fig. 3 shows the observed weather conditions (daily irradiation and mean external temperature).This graph shows two different periods: (1) From July 25th to the beginning of September: during this summer period, the mean external temperature is above 20 oc and the mean daily irradiation reaches 22 MJ/m2 . This fine weather period is interrupted between the 3rd and 9th August by ess favourable weather. (2) From the beginning of September to the end of the measurement: the mean external temperature and the daily irradiation are distinctly lower (13 oc and 13 MJ/m2 ). Furthermore, the conditions are very variable from one day to the next. 4. 2. Acquisition system and command 6. Performance of the tested unit A Labview ¤ program takes measurements and administers various commands (valve, dampers and load). A measurement is made every 30 s.

Selection and Role of Canadas Official Opposition

Selection and Role of Canada's Official Opposition In Canada, the official opposition is the political party with the second-highest number of seats in the House of Commons or a legislative assembly. Also known as  Her Majestys Loyal Opposition, representatives from the second-place political party serve the public by critiquing the majority partys proposals and actions. How a Party Becomes the Official Opposition Canada has numerous political parties. After an election, the leader of the political party with the most seats in the federal House of Commons is invited by the  governor-general  to form the government. After being appointed by the governor-general, the leader of this party becomes the prime minister. The prime minister chooses the ministers and forms the Cabinet.   The other parties that are not in power are known as opposition parties. The opposition party with the most members of the House of Commons is the official opposition. For example, under this system, if the majority party in the most recent election was the Liberal Party, then the prime minister and the majority of representatives in the House of Commons would be members of the Liberal Party. If the Conservative Party received the second-highest number of votes in the most recent election, then the Conservatives would constitute the official opposition. Other parties receiving lesser percentages of the votes, such as the New Democratic Party, would comprise the rest of the opposition. The Official Oppositions Role in the Government Under Canada’s parliamentary system, the basic function of the opposition is to oppose the government on a day-to-day basis. In this context, the opposition takes on an adversarial role,  criticizing government legislation and actions, as well as providing the public with alternative policies and proposals. In some cases, the opposition may even try to bring down the government by voting against government proposals, such as the annual budget.   The official opposition also maintains a shadow  Cabinet to critique the actions of the Cabinet ministers.   Value of the Official Opposition to Canadas Democracy The existence of the opposition is critical to the functioning of a parliamentary political system, such as Canadas.  In theory, the official opposition serves as a check on the majority governments power and control. This system of political opposition supports a healthy, vibrant democracy and creates trust in the ability of citizens to resolve differences by peaceful means. The presence of the opposition is based on the idea  that the minority accepts the right of the majority to make decisions, as long as there is also respect for the minoritys right to disagree with the majority and propose its own solutions. Benefits of Being the Official Opposition The official opposition party usually receives better financial benefits, such as research funds, and procedural advantages over other opposition parties. The government provides the leader of the official opposition party with a residence, which is called Stornoway and is located in Ottawa.

Every IB Business and Management Past Paper Available FREE and Official

Every IB Business and Management Past Paper Available FREE and Official SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you want to do well on your IB exams (which you should since acing them will get you college credits), you need to prepare like you would for any standardized test such as the PSAT, SAT or ACT, with practice tests. Preparing for the IB exams doesn't simply mean reviewing your class notes. You should use IB Business and Management past papers as practice tests so that you feel prepared for the length, format, and types of questions asked. In this article, I'll provide you with links to IB Business and Management past papers, free and official. Additionally, I'll give advice on how to use them to ace your real IB test. Free IB Business and Management Past Papers Links The IB has cracked down on illegally uploaded real past papers in the last few years, so many previous sources are no longer available. Compounding this problem, IB so far has not provided any free sample IB Business and Management exam papers on its website. We'll be sure to update this article as soon as they do with links, though! While searching for "free IB Business and Management papers" online may still turn up some results, we do not recommend using them, as there's no guarantee those papers are real past IB papers. Instead, we recommend using the relatively inexpensive official paid IB past papers and markschemes for further practice. Paid IB Business and Management Past Papers Links To download safe and official IB Business and Management SL/HL past papers and markschemes, purchase them from the Follet IBO store directly. Currently, the IBO store has two sets of English-language IB Business and Management SL past papers and IB Business and Management HL past papers in the new, 2016-exam format: one set from May 2017 and one from November 2016. (There are a small number of past IB Business Management papers in French and Spanish available on the store as well.) Note: The IBO sells each paper and mark scheme individually (boo); an individual paper or mark scheme costs $3 (or about  £2.50). This means a full test (with all papers and mark schemes) will cost about $12. Buying everything on the site from 2015 to 2017 will be costly (not to mention in different languages), so we recommend you only buy the two most recent (November 2016 and May 2017) past papers. These past papers will be the most similar to your test, and two exams will provide plenty of practice. How to Use These Exams An IB Business and Management test will take you 3 hours for SL or 4.5 hours for HL. If you are going to invest that much time, you need to be maximizing your learning from these tests. To make sure you get the most out of each practice test, follow these rules: #1: Split the Test Over Two Days In May 2019, the IBO scheduled Paper 1 and Papers 2 on two separate days before and after a weekend. If possible, you should copy this schedule exactly so that your practice is realistic. At the very least, make sure you are taking the two papers on two different days. Having to hold on to the information over multiple days (with a weekend in-between!) makes it difficult to cram for this test. You need to have mastered the IB Business and Management concepts and be able to write intelligently about them. #2: Use Exact Timing. Make sure you time yourself so that you force yourself to practice your pacing. The time allowed per paper is: Business and Management SL Paper 1- 1 hour 15 minutes Paper 2- 1 hour 45 minutes Business and Management HL Paper 1- 2 hours 15 minutes Paper 2- 2 hours 15 minutes Do not stray from this timing, not even by a minute. You need to get used to the actual exam timing. Also, you’ll get an inflated practice exam score if you allow yourself extra time. Don’t do it! Stick to the real timing so that you have a realistic indicator of your IB score. #3 (and the most important): Review! After completing all papers, review your exam with the mark scheme. Why do you need to review? Reviewing helps you figure out what mistakes you are making or what information you do not know before you take the real IB Business and Management exam. If you don’t check your answers, you’ll make the same mistakes on the actual IB Business and Management test. Take some time (at minimum an hour) to review your answers. Taking one practice test with in-depth review is far superior to taking 8 tests without review. What’s Next? Learn more about IB Business and Management and related topics: IB Business and Management Study Guide Return on Assets: What It Is and How to Use It Check out where to find past papers for your other classes: Every IB Biology Past Paper Available: Free and Official Where to Find IB Chemistry Past Papers - Free and Official Every IB Economics Past Paper Available: Free and Official Every IB English Past Paper Available: Free and Official Every IB Geography Past Paper Available: Free and Official Every IB History Past Paper Available: Free and Official Every IB Math Past Paper Available: Free and Official Where to Find IB Physics Past Papers - Free and Official Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Unit 6 Scenario B-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 6 Scenario B-2 - Essay Example This memo will also highlight the differences between monetary and fiscal policies, what are the pros and cons associated with each type of policy? Is either policy more effective in increasing output growth or stabilizing inflation and unemployment? With reference to the tax changes, a decrease in the tax rates would help achieve the desired increase in output.i.e lower the tax rates more people will buy meaning the demand will be high and so the output would be high .this decrease in tax rates would further imply an increase in the equilibrium price, the output and the unemployment rate. Furthermore if we analyze, we can foresee the following Pro’s and Con’s of the situation discussed above; pro’s being the fact that the unemployment rates will decrease the Marginal Propensity to consume (MPC) and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) will Increase subsequently. One very serious aspect which is a definite Con; the governments Tax Revenue will decrease. The changes in open Market operations to achieve the desired increase in output would imply the following: the central bank will increase their government securities, people will spend more and thus the output will rise. This flux will then imply the following trend; an increase in the equilibrium price, an increase in the output and a subsequent decrease in the unemployment rate. Elaborating on the relationship between the deficits and national debt, we would like to mention the fact s that need to be considered here .In order to understand how both national debt and deficits go hand in hand; A budget deficit will imply an increase in the size of the national debt, only by the amount of the deficit .Conversely, if there is a budget surplus it will allow the government to pay off the bond holders thus reducing the size of the national debt. The difference between the monetary and fiscal policy is obvious as by monetary policy is meant all actions that a government takes to control the